Social Equity Definitions

Historical and current systems of oppression fundamentally impact our lives and the lives of the communities we serve. Our actions have important consequences, therefore, collectively and as individuals, we will prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion as urgent and critical to our success as an organization, as these values help us better serve students, employees, communities, and ourselves. As we commit to make our mission a reality, we acknowledge that we will make mistakes; we will hold ourselves accountable as individuals and as an organization to reflect and do better. 

In order to gain a better understanding of the concepts and foundations of the Social Equity Plan, we present the following list of definitions: 

ABLEISM

Ableism is a set of stereotypes and practices that devalue and discriminate against people with disabilities. It assumes that the bodies and minds of non-disabled people are the "default," placing value on them based on society's perceptions of what's considered "normal." i

ABOLITION

A commitment to eradicating and replacing harmful systems rather than incrementally reforming them. Though mostly associated with the 19th-century movement to end chattel slavery, abolition is an evergreen framework for effecting change that prioritizes radical imagination. Thus, abolition is an ongoing process of assessing and replacing any system that doesn't serve all of us. It goes beyond the tearing down to also include the rebuilding that must take place. ii

ACCESSIBILITY

"Accessible" means a person with a disability is afforded the opportunity to acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services as a person without a disability in an equally effective and equally integrated manner, with substantially equivalent ease of use. The person with a disability must be able to obtain the information as fully, equally and independently as a person without a disability.

Accessibility is the degree to which a product, device, program, service, resource, or environment is available to a given user. If a building has a wheelchair ramp leading to its main entrance, that entrance is accessible to wheelchair users. If a lecture includes sign language interpreters, that lecture is accessible to attendees who are deaf or hard of hearing and who understand sign language. (University of Virginia) iii

AFFINITY SPACES

Affinity spaces provide a "safe/brave space" in which its members can explore issues of shared identity and experience and affirm their emotional and intellectual responses to being a part of a distinct sub-set of the community. (Oregon Education Association) v

ALLY

An ally is anyone from a dominant or majority group that is working towards ending oppression by supporting and advocating for those in marginalized and oppressed groups. Becoming an ally is a process and it isn't always easy or comfortable. It requires one to recognize the power and privilege that being part of the dominant culture affords them. (University of Pittsburgh Library) vi

Anti-Blackness refers to actions or behaviors that minimize, marginalize or devalue the full participation of Black people in life. The spectrum of anti-Black actions and behaviors spans from unconscious bias to motivated acts of prejudice. They include the tolerance of or indifference to the under-representation, differential success and advancement, or experience of Black people in the university. (University of California, Irvine) vii

ANTI-RACISM

"Anti-racism is the active dismantling of systems, privileges, and everyday practices that reinforce and normalize the contemporary dimensions of white dominance." (Crenshaw) viii

BELONGING

Belonging is the feeling of security and support when there is a sense of acceptance, inclusion, and identity for a member of a certain group. It is when an individual can bring their authentic self to work/school. When employees and students feel like they don't belong at work or school, their performance and their personal lives suffer. Creating genuine feelings of belonging for all is a critical factor in improving engagement and performance. (Cornell University) ix

BIAS

Bias is a natural inclination for or against an idea, object, group, or individual. It is often learned and is highly dependent on variables such as a person's socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, educational background, gender expression, gender identity and religion. Biases can be conscious or unconscious – explicit or implicit. In addition, bias can be institutionalized into policies, practices and structures. (University of Chicago) x

BIPOC

BIPOC stands for Black, Indigenous, and people of color. Pronounced "bye-pock," this is a term specific to the United States, intended to center the experiences of Black and Indigenous groups and demonstrate solidarity between communities of color. (YWCA Seattle) xi

COLONIZATION

The system of colonization began in the 15th and 16th centuries with the European military conquest of the world and violent subjugation of its people. It was marked by extractivism of raw materials, slavery, repressive rule, and the creation of hierarchies based on external characteristics that became known as race. It's impossible to understand racism--or its undoing--without understanding this history and system associated with its origin. (American University Library) xii

COMMUNITY OF CARE

An approach utilized by individuals to support one another and the broader community. Community care has existed in BIPOC and QTBIPOC communities for generations as this approach relies on the collectivistic beliefs of many of these communities, where the well-being of the individual is intrinsically tied to the well-being of others, including the larger community. Community care focuses on the connections, intentional actions, and efforts to mobilize individuals to support one another. (Mental Health America) xiii

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

A particular power dynamic in which members of a dominant culture take elements from a culture of people who have been systematically oppressed by that dominant group. Cultural appropriation involves profit, too. Members of the dominant culture almost always have the ability to profit off of what they've stolen, providing no compensation to those from whom they've stolen. Cultural appropriation is a form of modern-day colonization and oppression that directly harms marginalized communities. (Johnson/Native Governance Center) xiv

DACA

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is an immigration policy issued by President Barack Obama in 2012 that allows some individuals who were brought to the country as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and to become eligible for a work permit. (US Citizenship and Immigration Services) xv

DISABILITY

According to the legal definition set forth by the Americans with Disabilities Act, a person with a disability is someone who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity.

However, this definition doesn't really offer a full picture of disability. It's important to recognize the diversity of disability. Disabilities can be visible or invisible, something a person is born with or acquired at any point in life. Many people simply envision a wheelchair when thinking about disability, but there are so many types of disabilities beyond mobility disabilities. When we talk about disability, we must remember that this includes, but is in no way limited to, mental health disabilities, chronic illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and hearing and vision disabilities. (Disability & Philanthropy Forum) xvi

DISABILITY JUSTICE

The term "disability justice" is often used interchangeably with terms such as "disability rights" and "disability inclusion." Yet it's important to recognize that "disability justice" refers to a very specific framework of thinking about disability.

Disability inclusion is a broad term to describe approaches to advance access and inclusion for disabled people. A disability justice approach centers the priorities and approaches of those most historically excluded groups, such as women, people of color, immigrants, and people who identify as LGBTQ+. (Disability & Philanthropy Forum) xvii

Diversity is the range of human differences, including but not limited to race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, social class, physical ability or attributes, religious or ethical values system, national origin, and political beliefs. (Ferris State University) xviii

EQUALITY

Equality means each individual or group of people is given the same resources and opportunities, regardless of their circumstances. In social and racial justice movements, equality can actually increase inequities in communities as not every group of people needs the same resources or opportunities allocated to them in order to thrive. (United Way) xix

EQUITY

Equity, in its simplest terms as it relates to racial and social justice, means meeting communities where they are and allocating resources and opportunities as needed to create equal outcomes for all community members. (United Way) xx

GENDER IDENTITY

One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One's gender identity can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth. (Human Rights Campaign) xxi

HISTORICALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUP

A group in U.S. society that has been systematically discriminated against over a significant period of time (e.g. Native American/First People's, Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender communities). (Washington EOCF) xii

HOMOPHOBIA

The term "homophobia" is composed of the Greek words "homos", meaning "equal", and "phobos", meaning "fear". It denotes negative attitudes, prejudices, and rejection towards homosexual people.

The term was first used in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the American psychologist George Weinberg. In his then groundbreaking book Society and the Healthy Homosexual, Weinberg framed his definition of homophobia as a disorder in the brain befalling the homophobe. Due to this definition as an anxiety disorder, the word "homophobia" is criticised by parts of the LGBTI community (LGBTI is the English abbreviation for "lesbian, gay, bi-, trans-, and intersexual"). They argue that the term is misleading, as homophobic people are not afraid of homosexual people, but feel dislike and hostility. (Civil Liberties Union for Europe) xiii

IDENTITY, PERSONAL

While social identities group together individuals with the same characteristics, and therefore point out ways in which individuals are the same as others, personal identity sets us apart as distinct individuals. Personal identity defines our unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the outside world. Dictionaries define personal identity as the conscious recognition of the self as having a unique identity. It is an awareness of and identification with oneself as a separate individual. (Servants University) xxiv

IDENTITY, SOCIAL

Social identity refers to the set of characteristics by which a person is definitively recognizable or known by the society in which they live. These are characteristics that are attributed to the individual by others (the society). These characteristics serve as markers that indicate what that person is, in the eyes of others (their society). At the same time, this means that these characteristics put that person in the same group as other individuals who share the same attributes. Social identity is the story the society (others) says about you while self-identity is the story you say of yourself. (Servants University) xxv

IDENTITY CONTINGENCY

Conditions that a given social identity forces us to face and overcome in a particular setting. (Steele, 2010) xxvi

IMPLICIT BIAS

Implicit bias, also known as implicit prejudice or implicit attitude, is a negative attitude, of which one is not consciously aware, against a specific social group.

Implicit bias is thought to be shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit biases they hold, even if they are unaware they hold such biases. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit social cognition: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes can operate prior to conscious intention or endorsement. (American Psychology Association) xvii

INCLUSION

The process of putting diversity into action by creating an environment of involvement, respect, and connection—we value each individual, their backgrounds, and unique contributions. We take collective responsibility for creating a caring culture, so that we can all be authentic and feel fully welcomed, valued, supported, and heard. (Padamsee and Crowe) xxviii

INCLUSIVE PRACTICES

The perspective or mode of thinking exhibited by people in the workplace and other contexts that focuses on affective, active, intentional, and thoughtful inclusion of people from diverse backgrounds, including micro-affirmations, cordiality, allyship, support, and kindness. (Rocky Vista University) xxix

INEQUITY

Inequity refers to a lack of equity, which means "justice" or "fairness." Where there's inequity in a community, it means injustice, unfairness, and bias are being perpetuated. (Human Rights Careers) xxx

INSTITUTIONAL POWER

The ability or official authority to decide what is best for others. The ability to decide who will have access to resources. The capacity to exercise control over others. (Vanderbilt University) xxxi

INTERSECTIONALITY

A term coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. It originated as a way to discuss how systems of oppression overlap and create distinct experiences for people with multiple identity categories. While this term was created by Crenshaw to explain the unique experience that Black women face in addition to racism and sexism, the word has continued to encompass more identities. (Crenshaw 1989) xxxii

LGBTQPIA2S+

This acronym stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and trans, queer, pansexual, intersex, asexual or agender, and two-spirit. This plus-sign signifies additional identity terms. Additionally, we will sometimes refer to the community as the Queer and Trans community. The acronym "LGBTQPIA2S+" is the current best option. (Michigan State University) xxxiii

MARGINALIZATION

Marginalization occurs in part when some observable characteristic or distinguishing behavior shared by a group of individuals is systematically used within the larger society to signal the inferior and subordinated status of the group. (Cohen, 1999) xxxiv

MICROAGGRESSIONS

Everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership. (Sue et al., 2007) xxxv

NEURODIVERSITY

Neurodiversity describes the idea that people experience and interact with the world around them in many different ways; there is no one "right" way of thinking, learning, and behaving, and differences are not viewed as deficits.

The word neurodiversity refers to the diversity of all people, but it is often used in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as other neurological or developmental conditions such as ADHD or learning disabilities. The neurodiversity movement emerged during the 1990s, aiming to increase acceptance and inclusion of all people while embracing neurological differences. (Harvard Health) xxxvi

OPPRESSION

The combination of prejudice and institutional power which creates a system that discriminates against some groups (often called "target groups") and benefits other groups (often called "dominant groups"). Examples of these systems are racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, classism, ageism, and anti-Semitism. These systems enable dominant groups to exert control over target groups by limiting their rights, freedom, and access to basic resources such as health care, education, employment, and housing. (Vanderbilt University) xxxvii

Four Levels of Oppression/"isms" and Change

PASSING

The ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category, such as racial identity, ethnicity, caste, social class, sexual orientation, gender, religion, age, and/or disability status, that is often different from their own. (Gender Specialist) xxviii

POWER

Access to privileges such as information/knowledge, connections, experience and expertise, resources, and decision-making that enhance a person's chances of getting what they need to live a comfortable, safe, productive, and profitable life. (Michigan State University) xxxiv

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Differences in underlying attributes such as skills, talents, personality characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, and values; may also include functional, occupational, and educational background. (Landy & Conte) xl

PREJUDICE

A negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudice is typically manifested behaviorally through discriminatory behavior. Prejudicial attitudes tend to be resistant to change because they distort our perception of information about the target group. Prejudice based on racial grouping is racism; prejudice based on perceived sexual orientation is homophobia and biphobia; prejudice based on sex or gender (including transphobia) is sexism; prejudice based on chronological age is ageism; and prejudice based on disability is ableism. (American Psychological Association) xli

PRIVILEGE

Privilege is unearned advantage, benefit, and immunity granted to members of dominant groups while denying the same for target groups. It operates on personal, interpersonal, cultural, and institutional levels. In the United States, privilege is granted to people who have membership in one or more of major social identity groups, such as:

Privilege is characteristically invisible to people who have it. People in dominant groups often believe that they have earned the privileges that they enjoy or that everyone could have access to these privileges if only they worked to earn them. In fact, privileges are unearned and they are granted to people in the dominant groups whether they want those privileges or not, and regardless of their stated intent. Unlike targets of oppression, people in dominant groups are frequently unaware that they are members of the dominant group due to the privilege of being able to see themselves as persons rather than stereotypes. (Vanderbilt University) xlii

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are used to refer to someone, and usually communicate information about someone's gender. Because pronouns indicate gender, and people often assume gender based on someone's appearance, we sometimes use the incorrect set of pronouns. When we use a set of pronouns that indicate the wrong gender, that is known as misgendering someone. For example, we might say "he," when the person uses "she," or we might say "hers" instead of "theirs." When this happens to a transgender person it can be unsettling, invalidating, and dehumanizing. If it happens over and over, or is being done on purpose or maliciously, it is an act of oppression against trans people. (University of Colorado, Boulder) xliii

RACE

A social construct that artificially divides individuals into distinct groups based on characteristics such as physical appearance (particularly skin color), ancestral heritage, cultural affiliation or history, ethnic classification, and/or the social, economic, and political needs of a society at a given period of time. Scientists agree that there is no biological or genetic basis for racial categories. (Pacific University) xliv

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

An individual's enduring physical, romantic and/or emotional attraction to another person. Gender identity and sexual orientation are not the same. Transgender people may be straight, lesbian, gay or bisexual. (University of Washington) xlv

STRUCTURAL RACISM

A system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various, often reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial group inequity. It identifies dimensions of our history and culture that have allowed privileges associated with "whiteness" and disadvantages associated with "color" to endure and adapt over time. Structural racism is not something that a few people or institutions choose to practice. Instead it has been a feature of the social, economic and political systems in which we all exist. (Washington EOCF) xlvi

SYSTEMIC RACISM

Systemic racism includes the policies and practices entrenched in established institutions, which result in the exclusion or promotion of designated groups. It differs from overt discrimination in that no individual intent is necessary. It manifests itself in two ways: Institutional Racism and Structural Racism. (City of Toronto) xlvii

SOCIAL EQUITY

Social equity is impartiality, fairness and justice for all people in social policy. Social equity takes into account systemic inequalities to ensure everyone in a community has access to the same opportunities and outcomes. Equity of all kinds acknowledges that inequalities exist and works to eliminate them. (United Way)

SOCIAL JUSTICE

Social justice constitutes a form of activism, based on principles of equity and inclusion that encompasses a vision of society in which the distribution of resources is equitable and all members are physically and psychologically safe and secure. Social justice involves social actors who have a sense of their own agency as well as a sense of social responsibility toward and with others. (University of Washington) xlviii

SOCIAL GROUP

Defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. (Reicher 1982) xlix

STEREOTYPE

A generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes are often overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. (Cardwell) l

STEREOTYPE THREAT

Being at risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. (Steele, 1995) li

SYSTEMICALLY NON-DOMINANT GROUPS

Systemically non-dominant (Jenkins, 1995-present) refers to membership outside of the dominant group within systems of oppression. Systems of oppression are created to provide benefits and assets for members of specific groups. The recipient groups are referred to as dominant groups because such advantages grant impacting levels of power, privilege, and status within social, economic, and political infrastructures of a society. For example, such frameworks are established to specify who is in control and who is not, what is acceptable and what is unacceptable, and who will have access to resources and who will not. lii

TRANSPHOBIA

The fear or hatred of transgender people or people who do not meet society's gender role expectations. It occurs on personal, institutional, and societal levels. (UCSF Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Resource Center) liii

UNIVERSAL DESIGN

Universal Design involves designing products and spaces so that they can be used by the widest range of people possible. Universal Design evolved from Accessible Design, a design process that addresses the needs of people with disabilities. Universal Design goes further by recognizing that there is a wide spectrum of human abilities. Everyone, even the most able-bodied person, passes through childhood, periods of temporary illness, injury, and old age. By designing for this human diversity, we can create things that will be easier for all people to use. (Florida International University) liv

WHITE SUPREMACY CULTURE

The widespread ideology baked into the beliefs, values, norms, and standards of our groups (many if not most of them), our communities, our towns, our states, our nation, teaching us both overtly and covertly that whiteness holds value, whiteness is value. (Okun) lv

WHITENESS

The system that created races and perpetuates racism. Whiteness divides people into racial categories based on physical characteristics and recent familial origin and assigns values to those categories. It then structures the operations of our society around those beliefs. In contrast, "White" as a term to refer to people was created in the 17th century to describe light-skinned people of European descent. (Portland Community College) lvi


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